Product Overview
Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) catalyze the calcium-dependent conversion of arginine residues to citrulline residues on target proteins. This type of posttranslational modification, called citrullination, plays an important role in the rapid disassembly of large intracellular macromolecular complexes.
Among the five members of the PAD family, PAD2 and PAD4 have been studied the most because of their abundant expression in immune cells. In macrophages, PAD2 mediates the citrullination of vimentin and breakdown of the intermediate filament network. PAD2 is also expressed in the brain where it citrullinates myelin basic protein in neurons.
Although PAD2 plays multiple roles in normal cellular homeostasis, it has also been implicated in a number of autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis.
References:
Vossenaar ER, Radstake TR, van der Heijden A, et al. Expression and activity of citrullinating peptidylarginine deiminase enzymes in monocytes and macrophages. Ann Rheum Dis. 2004;63(4):373-381. doi:10.1136/ard.2003.012211
Wu Z, Li P, Tian Y, Ouyang W, Ho JW, Alam HB, Li Y. Peptidylarginine Deiminase 2 in Host Immunity: Current Insights and Perspectives. Front Immunol. 2021 Nov 4;12:761946. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.761946.
Fert-Bober J, Darrah E, Andrade F. Insights into the study and origin of the citrullinome in rheumatoid arthritis. Immunol Rev. 2020 Mar;294(1):133-147. doi: 10.1111/imr.12834. Epub 2019 Dec 25.
Martín Monreal MT, Rebak AS, Massarenti L, Mondal S, Šenolt L, Ødum N, Nielsen ML, Thompson PR, Nielsen CH, Damgaard D. Applicability of Small-Molecule Inhibitors in the Study of Peptidyl Arginine Deiminase 2 (PAD2) and PAD4. Front Immunol. 2021 Oct 19;12:716250. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.716250.